Comprehensive Guide to Global Government Quantum Funding

Table of Contents

The U.S. government has launched a portfolio of 52 federal investments of varying sizes to advance national quantum capabilities, while Japan announced a $7.4 billion investment in quantum technology and Spain committed $900 million in early 2025, bringing announcements for public financing to more than $10 billion. This massive public investment reflects the strategic importance of quantum technologies for national security, economic competitiveness, and scientific leadership.

For researchers, universities, and organizations developing quantum technologies, government grants represent the largest source of non-dilutive funding available. The cumulative announced global public investment in the quantum sector is almost three times greater than total private investment, making government programs essential for quantum R&D advancement.

This comprehensive guide explores the major government and defense grant programs supporting quantum research, providing practical insights for securing public funding across different countries and agencies.

United States Federal Programs

The United States leads global government investment in quantum technology through coordinated programs across multiple federal agencies, each leveraging specialized expertise and infrastructure.

Department of Energy (DOE) Quantum Programs

The DOE represents the largest single federal investment in quantum technology through its National Quantum Information Science Research Centers program. DOE has committed $575 million over 5 years through five National Quantum Information Science Research Centers (NQISRCs) and announced an additional $625 million in funding for these centers.

Current DOE Funding Opportunities:

• National Quantum Information Science Research Centers: Multi-institutional teams requesting $20-25 million per year for comprehensive quantum research programs
• Fiscal Year 2025 Innovations in Qubit Science: Basic research funding for solid-state qubits at various maturity stages
• High Energy Physics Quantum Projects: $71 million announced for 25 projects using emerging quantum technologies for high energy physics applications

DOE Quantum Focus Areas:

• Quantum computing hardware and software development
• Quantum networking and communication systems
• Quantum sensing and measurement technologies
• Materials science for quantum device fabrication
• Integration with national laboratory capabilities

Department of Defense (DOD) Quantum Investment

The DOD requests more than $700 million for quantum computing-related R&D in FY 2023, demonstrating substantial military interest in quantum technologies. Almost all ($652M) of the FY 2023 quantum-related budget request falls under Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E).

Defense Agency Quantum Programs:

• DARPA: Leading experimental quantum research with programs including Math and Computer Sciences ($44M) and Alternative Computing ($28M)
• Navy: Budget-leading request exceeding $300M annually, including Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative ($63M)
• Air Force: Complex Electronics and Fundamental Quantum Processes ($44M) and Materials for Electronics, Optics, and Survivability ($12M)
• Army: Basic Research in Physics ($13M), Network Sciences ($12M), and quantum-augmented positioning and navigation ($11M)

DOD Quantum Research Centers: Four specialized centers led by Army Research Laboratory, Naval Research Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory, and NSA focus on converting quantum science into mission-specific applications and integrating quantum technologies with existing military systems.

National Science Foundation (NSF) Programs

NSF supports fundamental quantum research through multiple funding mechanisms designed to advance basic science and educational capabilities in quantum information science.

Key NSF Quantum Initiatives:

• Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes for collaborative research
• Individual investigator grants for quantum algorithm development
• Graduate research fellowships for quantum education
• International collaboration programs with quantum research partners

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

NIST focuses on quantum measurement science, standards development, and metrology research essential for quantum technology commercialization and deployment.

India’s National Quantum Mission

India’s National Quantum Mission launched in 2023 with a total cost of Rs.6003.65 crore (approximately $750 million) from 2023-24 represents one of the world’s most comprehensive national quantum programs.

NQM Funding Structure

The four Technology Hubs (T-Hubs) selected under NQM collectively involve 152 researchers from 43 institutions nationwide, creating a collaborative ecosystem for quantum technology development.

NQM Focus Areas:

• Quantum computing with 50-1000 physical qubits within 8 years
• Satellite-based quantum communications
• Inter-city quantum distribution networks
• Multi-node quantum networks and magnetometers
• Quantum materials including superconductors and semiconductor structures

State-wise Fund Distribution: The mission provides geographically distributed funding across multiple Indian states, ensuring national participation in quantum research development.

Application Process for Indian Institutions

Eligibility Requirements:

• Indian institutions with established quantum research capabilities
• Collaborative proposals involving multiple institutions preferred
• Demonstrated track record in quantum or related technologies
• Clear commercialization pathway for quantum applications

European Quantum Technology Funding

European institutions offer a wide range of funding opportunities for quantum technologies, from early-stage research and applied research through the Horizon Europe programme to infrastructure investments via the Digital Europe programme.

European Commission Programs

During the last 5 years, the European Commission has provided total funding of more than €1.9 billion to projects belonging to the second quantum revolution.

Major European Funding Programs:

• Horizon Europe: Comprehensive research and innovation funding
• European Innovation Council: Support for quantum startups and SMEs
• Digital Europe Programme: Infrastructure and deployment funding
• European Investment Bank: Loans and venture debt for quantum companies

Eureka Network Quantum Call

The Call for Projects on Applied Quantum Technologies allows submissions between May 6, 2025 and September 5, 2025, with national funding bodies from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Türkiye, and Ukraine allocating funding for international R&D collaborations.

Requirements:

• Project consortiums must include organizations from minimum two participating countries
• Focus on applied quantum technologies with commercial potential
• Unrelated parties ensuring no conflicting interests
• Clear deliverables and milestone-based progress tracking

National-Level European Programs

The UK has invested more than £1 billion over two phases of quantum technologies development and published the National Quantum Strategy committing £2.5 billion over ten years. Individual European countries offer substantial national quantum programs complementing EU-level funding.

Other International Government Programs

Australia’s Quantum Investment

Australia has invested AU$130 million through federal funding for quantum technology development with an additional AU$101.2 million over next 5 years from the government’s $1 billion critical technology fund. The total estimate of Australian public investment in quantum technologies until January 2024 stands at AU$893 million.

Israel’s Quantum Program

A government panel in Israel is assigning NIS 1.2 billion to a 6-year quantum technology program, with funding from the Council of Higher Education.

Asian Quantum Initiatives

Singapore invested approximately $222 million in quantum technology research and talent, while China announced establishment of a national venture capital guidance fund mobilizing 1 trillion yuan ($138.01 billion) into cutting-edge technologies including quantum computing.

Application Strategies and Requirements

Successful government grant applications for quantum R&D require understanding agency-specific priorities, evaluation criteria, and application processes.

Common Application Elements

Technical Merit Requirements:

• Clear scientific objectives with measurable outcomes
• Innovative approaches advancing state-of-the-art quantum capabilities
• Detailed technical methodology and experimental design
• Risk assessment and mitigation strategies for quantum technology development

Team Qualifications:

• Principal investigators with demonstrated quantum expertise
• Multidisciplinary teams combining physics, engineering, and computer science
• Track record of successful government-funded research projects
• Access to specialized quantum research facilities and equipment

Impact and Broader Merit:

• Potential for fundamental scientific breakthroughs
• Applications addressing national security or economic priorities
• Educational and workforce development components
• Technology transfer and commercialization pathways

Agency-Specific Considerations

DOE Applications require emphasis on basic science advancing quantum understanding, integration with national laboratory capabilities, and alignment with energy-related applications.

DOD Applications must demonstrate military relevance, dual-use potential, and integration with existing defense systems while addressing specific operational requirements.

NSF Applications focus on fundamental research advancing quantum information science education and international collaboration opportunities.

Funding Timeline and Award Characteristics

Government quantum grants typically follow structured timelines reflecting the long-term nature of quantum research and development.

Typical Grant Durations

Basic Research Grants: 3-5 years for fundamental quantum science investigations
Center Grants: 5-10 years for large-scale collaborative research programs
Technology Development: 2-4 years for applied quantum technology advancement
Infrastructure Grants: 1-3 years for equipment and facility development

Award Sizes by Program Type

Individual Investigator Grants: $100K-$500K annually
Small Team Projects: $500K-$2M total award
Multi-Institutional Centers: $5M-$25M annually
National Programs: $50M-$100M+ over multiple years

Success Rates and Competition

Government quantum programs typically experience intense competition due to limited funding and high scientific standards. Success rates vary from 10-25% depending on program type and agency, making proposal quality and strategic positioning critical for success.

Emerging Trends in Government Quantum Funding

Government quantum funding priorities continue evolving as the field matures and strategic priorities shift.

Focus on Applied Research

Most new quantum startups launched in 2024 are developing equipment and components or application software3, reflecting government interest in translating basic research into practical quantum technologies.

International Collaboration Requirements

Many government programs increasingly require international collaboration, reflecting the global nature of quantum research and the need for shared infrastructure and expertise.

Quantum Workforce Development

Government programs emphasize education and training components to address critical quantum workforce shortages affecting both academic and industrial quantum development.

Quantum Security and Cryptography

Dedicated efforts are underway to develop quantum-resilient encryption techniques and post-quantum cryptographic frameworks under national quantum missions9, representing growing government focus on quantum security applications.

Key Takeaways

• Global government investment in quantum technology has surpassed $40 billion with over 30 countries establishing formal quantum programs and strategies
• The United States leads with 52 federal investments across 19 states, including DOE’s $1.2 billion commitment and DOD’s $700+ million annual quantum R&D budget
• India’s National Quantum Mission provides $750 million over multiple years through four Technology Hubs involving 152 researchers from 43 institutions nationwide
• European programs offer over €1.9 billion in quantum funding through Horizon Europe, with the UK alone committing £2.5 billion over ten years
• Application success requires demonstrating technical merit, experienced teams, national relevance, and clear pathways to practical quantum technology development
• Grant sizes range from $100K individual awards to $25M+ annual center funding, with typical durations of 3-10 years reflecting quantum R&D timelines